This 175 characters name indeed takes 324 bytes to store in UTF8, so cannot be stored on an ext*, btrfs, xfs,... but can on NTFS has a limit of 255 characters (and not bytes).
Now, if you don't use PlayOnLinux features, like starting an application from a filename extension association, or run a program from command-line with a filename parameters, then PlayOnLinux is not involved at all (which seems to be the case, you're talking about saving the file from within Word), and you may be hitting a Wine bug instead.
Wine only gives support from running applications from Posix filesystems (which excludes FAT and NTFS ones), but they have a whole Wiki page on how they handle the problem of implementing case preserving semantics on top of both case sensitive and case insensitive filesystems, which I take as an acknowledgement of using files stored on any filesystem (http://wiki.winehq.org/CaseInsensitiveFilenames).
I suppose you could report a bug to WineHQ at that point; But you may have to start Word without going thru POL, and I'm not sure of the correct way to do this (Tinou?)