Nope, installing a component involves adding/overwriting/deleting files, setting/modifying/removing registry keys, and the different components are not even orthogonal among them (ie don't modify common files or common settings).
So there's no such thing as "list of installed components" that would help deeply understand what has been done to a virtual drive (for example having the property that reinstalling one of the components listed would be guaranteed to be a no-op, etc.)
Closest thing you can do is open the debugger (Tools > PlayOnLinux debugger) and check the virtual drive log for component installations; Or from command line, grep 'Starting function POL_Install_' ~/.PlayOnLinux/wineprefix/<VirtualDriveName>/playonlinux.log:
$ grep 'Starting function POL_Install_' ~/.PlayOnLinux/wineprefix/log2/playonlinux.log
[05/23/15 19:36:00] - ----- Starting function POL_Install_d3dcompiler_43 -----
[05/23/15 19:36:03] - ----- Starting function POL_Install_xact -----
[06/15/15 00:19:08] - ----- Starting function POL_Install_VideoDriver -----
Editado por: petch